A Site and its narratives
Mongol Daguur, an area where it is still possible to halt the ‘Fortress Conservation’
Keywords:
Unesco’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves, Nomadic ethics, Mongolia, Conflict, Human and nonhuman, water, springsAbstract
This research focuses on the Mongol Daguur – situated in the most northeastern province (aimag) of Mongolia – Dornod – which the Mongolian parliament identified as a restricted access area in the early 1990s and the state legislature recognized as a special protection area in 1995. A Ramsar site, it has been in UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2007. The zoning of the area provides for different ‘levels’ of conservation and human presence. The creation and enforcement of protected areas with the identification of the zones and, later, the redrawing of its borders, caused friction among the inhabitants and the authorities, which currently plays out through silent strategies and ‘avoidance’ on the part of the former, and notices and pressure with fines on the part of the latter. Through the lens of the ‘fortress conservation’, this article considers a network of human and nonhuman actors (mobile pastoralists, authorities, companies, laws, animals, bodies of water, etc.) and the narratives around the conflict – at times covert, at times overt – between the authorities and nomads, unfolding in the second section with the topic of the ‘social life of water’, which develops the case study of wetlands and springs. Our investigation will lead us to examine and critically discuss the fortress conservation process that is taking place in these areas, identifying the possibility of stopping it and implementing policies that go against it.
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